Виховання дітей отроцького віку (7–14 років) за етнографічними джерелами ХІХ – першої чверті ХХ століття

Abstract

(ua) В статті, на основі аналізу етнографічних джерел ХІХ – першої чверті ХХ ст., схарактеризовані особливості виховання дітей-отроків у східнослов’янській народній педагогіці. У статті наголошується, що основним завданням східнослов’янського суспільства була підготовка цієї вікової групи до майбутнього продуктивного трудового життя. Уся увага і зусилля дорослих зосереджувалися на подальшому розвитку фізичних сил, поглибленні досвіду й практичних знань потрібних для майбутньої діяльності у дорослому віці.

(ru) В статье, на основании анализа этнографических источников ХІХ – первой четверти ХХ в., охарактеризованы особенности воспитания детей-отроков в восточнославянской народной педагогике. В статье делается ударение на тот факт, что основным заданием восточнославянського общества была подготовка этой возрастной группы к будущей продуктивной трудовой жизни. Все внимание и усилия взрослых сосредотачивались на дальнейшем развитии физических сил, накоплении опыта и практических знаний нужных для будущей деяльности во взрослой жизни.

(en) The article is based on the analysis of ethnographic sources of the XIX – first quarter XX century characterized the features of the upbringing of children in adolescence East Slavic folk pedagogy. The article emphasizes that the main task of East Slavic society was preparing this stratum for a productive future working life. All the attention and efforts of adults were focused on further development of physical strength, deepening of experience and practical knowledge required for future activities in adulthood. Among the regulators social behavior of East Slavic infants plays an important role played a moral education. Involving young people in economic and production activities meant first of all, their gradual acquisition of the status of socially significant members rural community. The peculiarity of labor education and as a consequence, its effectiveness, was that the children were not preparing for future work, but were involved in it organically, gradually, due to the complications of different activities that alternated with each other. Educational processes aimed at mastering young men and women's types of work, were peculiar, almost separate, which are inherent their goals, content, forms, organization: the process of raising boys and the process raising girls. One of the ways of labor socialization of East Slavic children was their participation in the agrarian and ritual sphere is an important part activities in which there was a close connection with agricultural labor. Some rituals were accompanied by special games that contributed to the education of children with a special attitude to work as the most important human need. Hard agricultural work was of great importance physical education. The results of the study allowed us to identify ways physical education: in the family (tempering, nutrition), in the community games and entertainment), the use of folk medicine . According to research by ethnographers of the XIX – first quarter of the XX century, among regulators of social behavior of East Slavic children of infancy moral education played an important role. It turns out that the process is moral education took place as a gradual, gradual mastery of behavioral system inherent in the East Slavic cultural tradition. The mechanisms of proper behavior were encouragement and punishment.